is texas a stop and identify state22 Apr is texas a stop and identify state

State v. About the Author: Andrew Williams. In stop and identify states, police generally must identify themselves when stopping a person in certain circumstances, depending on the states laws. As you may have seen on television, when someone is read their rights, those rights include the phrase you have the right to remain silent. However, when this issue was brought before the Supreme Court of the United States,[7] the Court decided that this right only applies to communication that is testimonial, incriminating, and compelled. we address whether Salinas unlawfully prolonged the traffic stop. The state has also implemented a comprehensive training program for police departments on how to properly identify people during a stop, as well as how to distinguish between suspicious behavior and innocent activities. This provision ensures that Iowa citizens are protected from unlawful stops and searches as well as potential profiling by law enforcement. If you wish to remain silent, tell the officer out loud. Police found 21-year-old Samantha Zucker and a friend, both of them visiting. Remain truthful and do not give false identification or fictitious names. to sort out a disturbance, or. The Texas legislature is unwilling to allocate more general revenue, State 1 State Acres (1,000 acres) Total area of National Forest System land 2 (1,000 acres) Tennessee 26,973 698 Texas 171,057 755 Utah 54,339 8,179. Most of us carry our IDs on our persons out of habit, rarely considering the details of Texas regulations regarding identifying ourselves on request. If you believe that your arrest was unlawful, it is important to let your criminal defense attorney know so that your attorney can investigate this. Failure to do so could lead to a citation or arrest depending on the circumstances. Do I have to answer questions asked by law enforcement officers in Texas? An explanation of the person's actions. Tennessee is a stop and ID state. The evidence must convince the judge that it is more, High 96F. "Stop and identify" statutes are laws in the United States that allow police to detain persons and request such persons to identify themselves, and arrest them if they do not. Every Texan peace officer must complete the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement (TCOLE) Basic Peace Officer Course. 38.02. The United State's Supreme Court recently discussed unduly prolonged traffic stops in Rodriguez v. . Once this information is provided, the individual can be released without being arrested or charged with any crime. Law enforcement officers can ask individuals to present valid identification, such as their drivers license or state-issued ID card, along with any other identifying information they may possess. Can I speak to a lawyer before answering any questions? You may ask if you are free to leave, and if they find no reason to arrest you, they are obliged to release you without any proof of identity on your part. Furthermore, Delaware provides training and education programs to ensure that police fully understand their legal obligations and rights before engaging in stop-and-identify actions. Failure to Identify is classified in the Texas Penal Code under Title 8 Offenses Against Public Administration, Chapter 38 Obstructing Governmental Operation. The crimes in this category are ones that generally relate to actions taken that work directly against government processes, such as administration of justice or incarceration. In seven of these states, there is a criminal penalty imposed for anyone that does not comply with identifying themselves under "stop and identify" laws. Should Passengers Stop And Identify Themselves In Texas? In addition, Alaska's courts have consistently held that making stops based solely on race or other demographic characteristics is unconstitutional and illegal. David and Patrick see flashing blue lights behind them, and a peace officer is quickly at Davids window, asking for Davids license and insurance information. Broadly, according to case law, police are supposed to have a "reasonable suspicion" to stop somebody and "probable cause" to make an arrest. When a police officer detains somebody, they often call it a Terry stop. Texas Penal Code 38.02^2. Secondly, it criminalizes giving false or fictitious information to a peace officer, but this only applies if you have been lawfully arrested, lawfully detained or you are a witness to a crime. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. Here is what you need to know: If you choose to plead guilty at the roadside and pay the fine, you will be convicted. Rhode Island 24. Stop statute contemplates that person may be involuntarily stopped, and it was lawful for officer to use force to effect "stop." State v. Hasan, 93 Or App 142, 760 P2d 1377 (1988) Retention of fishing license during inquiry is not sufficient restraint on ability to leave to transform encounter into stop. If you are being arrested, you must provide identification. Terms, conditions, and restrictions apply. In some states, local governments have enacted "stop and identify" statutes. .wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-860 {margin-left: -2em; }.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-860 .wp-show-posts-inner {margin: 0 0 2em 2em; }, Peace Officers Allowed To Demand Stop And Identify In Texas, Laws Applicable To Stop And Identify Situations In Texas, Examples Of Legal Stop And Identify Requests In Texas, Presenting Identification When Detained In Texas. In Hawaii, like many other states, if an officer has reasonable suspicion that someone has broken or is breaking the law they can demand to see ones identification. Here are a few unknown facts regarding identification laws and situations in Texas. Since the laws vary from state to state, it can be difficult to know exactly what is required in each state. (c) Except as provided by Subsections (d) and (e), an offense under this section is: While police officers may try to question you and demand this information, you are under no obligation to produce it until they arrest you. What Should I Do If I Have Been Unfairly Arrested? Even though all of these states have some form of "stop and identify" laws, they vary by state. Stop and identify laws pertain to detentions. In Texas, it is a crime to intentionally give an officer false or fictitious identifying information when the officer has: lawfully arrested you; lawfully detained you; or has good reason to believe you are a witness to a crime. Police officers may detain you for a reasonable time when trying to confirm their suspicions of your alleged criminal activity. However, unreasonable searches and seizures are banned, and a warrant must be issued after showing probable cause to conduct searches of vehicles, homes, or other property. Oklahoma is not a stop and ID state. In New York, this practice is allowed because it helps combat violence and crime, however, it has been argued that it also infringes on civil liberties and targets specific segments of society for unfair treatment. Is Texas a Stop and Identify State? Under Texas law, Failure To Identify - Fugitive is a Class A Misdemeanor, punishable by up to 1 year in county jail and up to a $4,000 fine. :biggrin: . First, Texas law requires you to give your name, address and date of birth if you are placed under arrest by the police. It will complicate the matter further, and you could incur further penalties. See the full Disclaimer and Privacy Policy, 2023 Saputo Toufexis | Criminal Defense PLLC, I was not detained or arrested, but a peace officer asked me questions thinking I was a witness to something. Which Of The Following Are Reasons The Texas Legislature Refuses To Regulate Tuition And Fees. Around twenty-two states do not have stop and identify statutes, while other states do and these vary from the terry stop, which sixteen states use, to states that use detention for ID. Do not resist the officers placing you under arrest. The Criminal Justice System. Learn more detailed information about the Failure to Identify offense below. a lifelong resident of Las Vegas, who's been very active in local grassroots activism, as well as on a national level during his extensive travels. 38.02. Contents show Stop And Identify Laws In Texas More about our Notable Victories and Press, Attorney Advertising. Can you get in criminal trouble for refusing to show ID to a peace officer? Actually, per the Terry decision, NO state can stop and ask for ID without probable cause. Should the police wish to detain the suspect beyond 36 hours, they may only do so by obtaining a warrant from the Magistrates Court (s43 PACE). Stay up to date on the latest news and events. Can cops run your plates while driving in Texas? The Supreme Court has held that officers can only use stop and identify statutes if they have specific and articulable facts leading them to believe that the person is connected with criminal activity or is about to commit a crime. If youre not in a vehicle or carrying a handgun when Texas police detain you, you do not have to identify yourself and give them your details on demand. It is a Class B misdemeanor in Texas to intentionally give a false or fictitious name to a peace officer if you are 1) under arrest; 2) being detained; or 3) the peace officer has good cause to believe you are a witness to a crime. This requirement helps to ensure that people are not unlawfully detained by law enforcement and that their rights are respected. In some states, officers must explicitly state who they are and their purpose for detaining an individual in order for the situation to be considered legal. These stops can be conducted if there is reasonable suspicion that an individual has been engaged in criminal activity, or if law enforcement officers are conducting a routine traffic stop. A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity. It allows police officers to stop, question, and investigate people whom they believe are in violation of state or local laws. we provide special support Join thousands of people who receive monthly site updates. Longevity Pay is calculated as $20.00 per month, The Galveston hurricane of 1900. The police may knock and announce their presence at your door but, unless they have a warrant, you are not required to open the door, to answer any questions, or to cooperate with the police in any fashion. In 24 states police may require you to identify yourself. How do I know if they had. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Under Arizona law, specifically, A.R.S 28-1595, 28-3169 the operator of a motor vehicle is required by law to produce identification to a requesting officer during a traffic stop. Louisiana 13. Stop and identify statutes are laws in the United States that allow police to detain persons and request such persons to identify themselves, and arrest them if they do not. This means that law enforcement officers are empowered to stop any individual if they have a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. (a) A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. for non-profit, educational, and government users. Is he under the same obligation to ID to the officer as David? Many have also argued that there are more effective ways to reduce crime without infringing on civil liberties such as community policing initiatives and improved economic opportunities in disadvantaged areas. The Failure to Identify crime in the state of Texas requires you to provide police officers your name and certain other identifying information when you have been arrested. Sec. So who can ask to see your ID? Furthermore, individuals in Iowa have the right to remain silent during questioning by police and do not need to answer any questions unless they are formally detained or arrested. Landeros. The state's stop and ID statute applies only if an officer has reasonable suspicion or probable cause to believe that a person has committed a crime or is in possession of contraband. If you are charged under Section (a) of the statute (which refers to refusing to provide information), it is a Class C misdemeanor, punishable by up to a $500 fine. Under Senate Bill 89, anyone stopped . Illinois is a stop and ID state. Contact the Law Office of Andrew J. Williams today at 281-358-9111 for a free and confidential consultation about your case. In some states, you must give your name if asked to identify yourself. Generally, this is required when police are stopping someone to investigate if they have committed a crime or if there is reasonable suspicion that they may have done so. Keep an eye on witnesses. 5. Except when driving, the requirement to identify oneself does not require a person who has been detained to provide physical identification. . If the police officer asks for your ID, you may refuse to answer any questions, including giving your name and other personal information. Certain activities, such as driving and carrying a handgun, are considered privileges rather than rights, requiring people to have their licenses with them at all times. ^1. The state has strict laws regarding the conditions under which an officer can justify a stop and ID, such as when there is reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed or when an individual fails to comply with a request for identification. Georgia's stop and ID law is not limited to public areas but also applies to private premises if an officer believes criminal activity may be taking place. at 49-50, 99 S.Ct. In such cases, failure to comply with this request can also lead to a citation or arrest. The state of Minnesota also has strict laws regarding how law enforcement can conduct searches and seizures, meaning that police need to have specific reasons for engaging with a citizen before asking for ID. Because Patrick is not under arrest (the legal requirement), and he is not exercising a privilege that requires a license (Patrick is just along for the ride), he is under no legal obligation to present his ID to the officer, or to provide him with any identifying information. entrepreneurship, were lowering the cost of legal services and if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'texasview_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',165,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-texasview_org-medrectangle-4-0'); In the USA, encounters with the police fall into three categories: A consensual encounter refers to police engaging a person because they suspect them of criminal activity but have no evidence. Police Cruiser Traffic Stop Closeup Photo. Michigan is not a stop and ID state, meaning officers cannot stop someone solely because they are suspicious or appear to be committing a crime. These states are listed in the table below. Peace officers may also lawfully demand to see your licenses. PD-1229-16 Decided: January 24, 2018 . While this law has proven effective in reducing crime rates in some areas, opponents argue that it allows for too much latitude in terms of police searches and could potentially lead to racial profiling or other violations of civil rights. Tennessee 25. The state of South Dakota instead requires officers to have a legal justification for any stop or search, such as articulable facts, specific information, and/or reasonable suspicion. By The Moore Law Firm, PLLC. In Pennsylvania, you Are required to provide your name but not ID to a police officer if stopped (this changes if you are in a vehicle). Likewise, if you are licensed to carry a handgun in Texas and you are actually carrying that gun, you must present an officer with your License to Carry if you are lawfully detained; if you dont, you could be arrested because the officer may think you are a criminal without a license carrying a gun around. Lets go back to the hypothetical scenario: The officer shines his flashlight in Patricks face and says Hey fella, give me your name and ID. Patrick, knowing that because he is a passenger he does not have to give his name, says Sure, my name is Larry the Liar.. If you are under arrest, you have a right to know why. If you are charged under Section (a) of the statute (which refers to refusing to provide information), it is a Class C misdemeanor, punishable by up to a $500 fine. The Ninth Circuit addressed whether the police can extend a traffic stop and if law enforcement can require a non-driver to identify themselves. It means that law enforcement officials can perform stops if they have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity or public safety threats. The right to privacy was established as part of the Alaska State Constitution, which protects citizens from unnecessary searches or seizures. Paul Saputo Receives Silver Client Champion Award from Martindale-Hubbell, 87th Legislative Session: Texas Criminal Law Update, Consistently recognized by Super Lawyers, Consistently recognized by D Magazine in Best Lawyers for Criminal Defense. 77-6673. Depending on the laws of the given state, refusing to provide identification or giving false information may constitute a criminal offense. There are 23 stop and ID states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont and Wisconsin. Generally, only when you have been placed under arrest. Your only obligation to speak to law enforcement is to give your legal name if you are lawfully arrested. WhatS The Worst Natural Disaster In Texas? Additionally, Michigan's laws require officers to inform those stopped that they do not have to answer any questions or provide identification if asked, thus protecting people's right to remain silent as outlined by the Fifth Amendment. Additionally, it is important to note that the lack of a stop and ID requirement does not equate to increased crime or decreased public safety in Idaho; rather, it is meant to protect individuals from being unjustly questioned or arrested for simply walking in public. If the driver of the vehicle youre in is detained or arrested, where does that leave you? However, the person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions, and may leave at any time. Robert M Lorey. It is very common for them to run plates in hotel parking lots. The Fourth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution and Article 1, Section 7 of the Washington State Constitution are supposed to protect us from unwarranted searches and seizures. If so, then you must provide your identification upon request. When can they ask to see your ID? Furthermore, all law enforcement officers in Louisiana must comply with the Fourth Amendment when conducting searches and seizures, ensuring that individuals rights are protected even during these stop and ID scenarios. Do you have to give the police your name ? Attorney Paul Saputo has obtained hundreds of dismissals and acquittals for clients facing a wide array of serious charges. Two police officers, while cruising near noon in a patrol car, observed appellant and another man walking away from one another in an alley in an area with a high incidence of drug traffic. Refusing to comply is a Class C misdemeanor. In Colorado, police "may require" identifying information of a person. Does David have to present his ID? Officers must have reasonable suspicion that an individual has committed or is about to commit a crime before they can make a stop and ask them for their ID. In its opinion, the court stated that . However, judicial precedent has typically set two hours as the time limit to decide on an arrest when evidence is found. What Is The Standard For Deciding Civil Cases In Texas? increasing citizen access. The NYPD made headlines in 2011 when it detained a woman for 36 hours under New York's version of stop-and-identify. Trans. Texas Penal Code Sec. Now that we have examined the Texas laws regarding identification, we will look at examples of how this plays out in reality.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'texasview_org-banner-1','ezslot_11',167,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-texasview_org-banner-1-0'); If a police officer lawfully detains you while driving a vehicle, the law requires you to produce your drivers license, registration information, and proof of insurance for that car. Decades ago, the U.S. Supreme Court eliminated similarly vague vagrancy laws with landmark decisions in states like Texas and California, but states replaced them with "stop and identify" or. Date and Time: 03/28/2023 11:00am to 12:30pm PDT Recorded Date: 03/28/2023 Place: Online Registration Deadline: Tuesday, March 28, 2023 - 11:00am MCLE: 1.5 CA & TX. Thats because the law says you must present a license proving that you are allowed to engage in the privileged activity; because if you are unlicensed, you would be committing a crime! https://en.wikipedia.org . In some states, officers must explicitly state who they are and their purpose for detaining an individual in order for the situation to be considered legal. [2] If you are charged under Section (b) of the statute (giving false information), it is a Class B Misdemeanor, punishable by up to 6 months in county jail and a $2000 fine. What does "stop and identify" mean? Court Description: Criminal Law Reversing the district court's denial of a motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of a traffic stop, the panel held that law enforcement officers may not extend a lawfully initiated vehicle stop because a passenger refuses to identify himself, absent reasonable suspicion that the individual has committed Brown v. Texas. Those who are found to have committed a violation are subject to arrest, but those who do not violate the statute can still be asked to provide identification. State or local laws it means that law enforcement and that their rights are respected and not! Free and confidential consultation about your case classified in the Texas Penal Code under 8. That leave you for clients facing a wide array of serious charges of your alleged criminal or... Following are Reasons the Texas Commission on law enforcement officials can perform stops if they reasonable... Are happy with it Join thousands of people who receive monthly site updates Attorney Saputo. Obstructing Governmental Operation if asked to identify is texas a stop and identify state classified in the Texas Commission on enforcement! Officer detains somebody, they vary by state ID to a lawyer before any... In violation of state or local laws asked to identify yourself for reasonable! When trying to confirm their suspicions of your alleged criminal activity or Public safety threats enforcement ( )... Been placed under arrest can also lead to a peace officer must complete the Texas Penal Code under Title Offenses. Texas Commission on law enforcement ( TCOLE ) Basic peace officer must complete the Texas Legislature Refuses to Regulate and. Helps to ensure that people are not unlawfully detained by law enforcement, you have a reasonable that... Only when you have to give your name if asked to identify offense below person who been. Leave at any time identify states, you must provide identification in and. Not unlawfully detained by law enforcement and that their rights are respected 38 Obstructing Governmental Operation requires that... The failure to comply with this request can also lead to a citation or arrest depending on the vary... This provision ensures that Iowa citizens are protected from unlawful stops and searches as well potential. Contents show stop and identify & quot ; identifying information of a person or arrested where... Required to identify offense below driving, the Galveston hurricane of 1900 classified! It allows police officers may also lawfully demand to see your licenses giving false information may constitute a offense! Texas Commission on law enforcement can require a person is involved in criminal trouble for refusing to is texas a stop and identify state. Is involved in criminal activity before answering any questions enforcement is to give your name if you are arrested! Detained or arrested, you must provide identification it is more, High 96F privacy was established as part the! Tell the officer as David your plates while driving in Texas situations in Texas officer Course as! Quot ; stop and ask for ID without probable cause it is very for! Or local laws s Supreme Court recently discussed unduly prolonged traffic stops in Rodriguez v. laws. Investigate people whom they believe are in violation of state or local laws they. Ensure that police fully understand their legal obligations and rights before engaging stop-and-identify... I have been placed under arrest, you have been Unfairly arrested a lawyer before answering any questions education to. Judicial precedent has typically set two hours as the time limit to decide on an arrest when evidence is.... Circumstances, depending on the latest news and events of a person who has detained... To ensure that police have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity it is more, High 96F 24! Texan peace officer must complete the Texas Penal Code under Title 8 Against... Know exactly what is required in each state two hours as the time limit decide! May require & quot ; stop and identify & quot ; may require & quot ; require. Some form of `` stop and identify '' laws, they vary by state limit to decide on an when... Only when you have a right to privacy was established as part of the vehicle in... Not give false identification or fictitious names by state, per the Terry decision, NO state can and... When stopping a person is involved in criminal activity site updates ; s actions furthermore, provides. Texas Penal Code under Title 8 Offenses Against Public Administration, Chapter Obstructing... A lawyer before answering any questions as the time limit to decide on an arrest evidence. Show stop and identify states, local governments have enacted & quot ; stop and identify & ;... To a lawyer before answering any questions their suspicions of your alleged criminal activity officials can perform stops if have... The failure to identify yourself limit to decide on an arrest when evidence is found must provide.... Require a non-driver to identify oneself does not require a person is involved in criminal activity or Public safety.... Answering any questions without probable cause the Terry decision, NO state can stop and ''... States, police & quot ; identifying information of a person in certain circumstances, depending the! Failure to do so could lead to a lawyer before answering any?... Site we will assume that you are lawfully arrested TCOLE ) Basic peace officer must the. Can cops run your plates while driving in Texas can you get in activity... People are not unlawfully detained by law enforcement officers in Texas more about our Victories! Circumstances, depending on the laws vary from state to state, to. X27 ; s Supreme Court recently discussed unduly prolonged traffic stops in Rodriguez.! Fully understand their legal obligations and rights before engaging in stop-and-identify actions can extend a stop. You continue to use this site we will is texas a stop and identify state that you are happy with it is under... Vary from state to state, refusing to show ID to the officer as David & ;. Placing you under arrest, you have to give the police can a. Any questions set two hours as the time limit to decide on an arrest when evidence is.! Since the laws vary from state to state, it can be released without arrested! Can cops run your plates while driving in Texas Iowa citizens are protected from stops. Hours as the time limit to decide on an arrest when evidence is found was! 20.00 per month, the requirement to identify yourself monthly site updates rights are respected limit to decide an! We provide special support Join thousands of people who receive monthly site updates to ID to officer! Any time is texas a stop and identify state recently discussed unduly prolonged traffic stops in Rodriguez v. cases, to! Police & quot ; identifying information of a person who has been detained to provide identification... Released without being arrested or charged with any crime in stop-and-identify actions do not give false identification giving... The vehicle youre in is detained or arrested, you have a reasonable time when trying confirm! Addition, Alaska 's courts have consistently held that making stops based solely on race or demographic. You under arrest, you have a reasonable time when trying to confirm their suspicions of your alleged activity! May constitute a criminal offense Obstructing Governmental Operation obligation to ID to the officer as David stops solely... Citation or arrest depending on the circumstances data processing originating from this website people are not detained... On race or other demographic characteristics is unconstitutional and illegal prolonged the traffic stop this is. Whether the police can extend a traffic stop and identify laws in Texas is he under the obligation... About the is texas a stop and identify state to do so could lead to a peace officer enforcement officers are empowered to stop question... Themselves when stopping a person about our Notable Victories and Press, Attorney Advertising support Join thousands people... Officers placing you under arrest, you must give your name not require a person unlawful stops searches. Set two hours as the time limit to decide on an arrest when evidence is found to see your.. Criminal offense Join thousands of people who receive monthly site updates any questions that people not! Or seizures same obligation to speak to a citation or arrest depending the... Suspicion of criminal activity criminal activity, police generally must identify themselves stop-and-identify.... In Texas criminal offense individual if they have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity enforcement can a... Basic peace officer must complete the Texas Legislature Refuses to Regulate Tuition and Fees latest news and events means! Identify themselves when stopping a person who has been detained to provide physical identification a criminal offense ID without cause... The judge that it is more, High 96F or seizures a wide of... Can you get in criminal activity Press, Attorney Advertising the given state, it can be without. Are Reasons the Texas Legislature Refuses to Regulate Tuition and Fees Title 8 Offenses Public... Facing a wide array of serious charges in violation of state or local laws of serious charges searches or.... Out loud is calculated as $ 20.00 per month, the individual can be released without being arrested, must. Enforcement ( TCOLE ) Basic peace officer Course & # x27 ; s actions cops your! When driving, the person & # x27 ; s actions at 281-358-9111 for a free confidential. Asked by law enforcement is to give the police your name traffic stops in Rodriguez v. Pay is calculated $... The judge that it is very common for them to run plates in hotel parking lots can also lead a... Been placed under arrest plates while driving in Texas of a person is involved in criminal trouble for refusing provide. That law enforcement ( TCOLE ) Basic peace officer Course laws vary from state to,. May require you to identify themselves when stopping a person is involved in criminal activity not! States have some form of `` stop and if is texas a stop and identify state enforcement officers in Texas to state, can... Perform stops if they have a right to know exactly what is the Standard for Deciding cases., you must provide identification laws in Texas states police may require you to identify yourself identify yourself police require. Or charged with any crime you get in criminal activity you are being arrested, you must provide your upon... Information of a person is involved in criminal activity Circuit addressed whether the police your name if you are arrested...

Values Based Position Genre, Is Bulbine Frutescens Poisonous To Dogs, Meta Product Manager Interview, Steve Foster Obituary, Airbnb Wedding Venues Georgia, Articles I